More than most political abstractions, imperialism expresses itself directly in objects, and in none with more potency and immediacy than those associated with architecture culture. The built environment formed a key practical and theoretical means through which colonial processes and narratives were exercised, communicated, promoted, and sustained. Built structures were central to control, persuasion and the moral justification of imperial projects both within societies subjected to colonial processes and, indeed, within the colonial metropole itself. They also have an afterlife which continues to impact societies into the present.
Commencing with an examination of the origins of the British empire in the first quarter of the seventeenth century and tracing changing attitudes to the British imperial project through to the zenith of Britain’s imperial expansion in the first quarter of the twentieth, this option explores several thematic issues including global trade and the transcultural transmission of ideas; the contested concept of ‘civilisation’; ideals of expansion, possession and dominium; political and military authority; and the nexus between politics and planning. In particular, the course will explore how these ideas found expression in buildings, urban topologies, monuments, and planned landscapes both within Britain and in its overseas territories. The British imperial project was unusual among those of Europe in having no clear ideological foundation: British imperialism was rarely, if ever, its own cause. Primarily cast as necessary evil of successful commerce, and separated by cordon sanitaire from higher ideals of liberty and civic virtue which formed the core of British self-identification, overseas empire was often communicated within Britain in terms of knowing disdain and studied insouciance. As a result, the architectural legacies of the British empire have become largely invisible at home and highly contested abroad.
The course gives a particular prominence to the experiential impact of the built environment and, as such there is a strong emphasis on field work and site visits. Key building projects on the British mainland – such as the Royal Hospital for Seamen at Greenwich, Houghton Hall, Home House, Liverpool Town Hall, Glasgow’s ‘Merchant City’, Somerset House, the Palace of Westminster, and the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office – will be examined in relation to their cultural, political and symbolic value within the imperial project.
The course will then turn to case study examples of how understandings of the British imperial project forged in the imperial metropole were exported, promoted and sustained through architecture culture in Ireland (arguably the first and primary laboratory for British imperial processes) and India, shaping the highly complex and vigorously contested legacies of British influence and notions of national identity which persist in those states. In particular, the course will consider Ireland as both victim and beneficiary of the British imperial project, examining the largely overlooked legacies of Irish-owned plantation estates in the Caribbean, many of which were built on models of landscape and industrial planning first trialled by English and Scots settlers in Ireland. Consideration will be given to architectural projects both private and public in Ireland and India: in Ireland, these will include Rathfarnham Castle, Dublin Castle, the former Irish Parliament House, Westport House, Castletown House, Mount Stewart and Belfast’s City Hall and Parliament Buildings (where visits to the sites will be arranged); and comparisons will be drawn with Fort William, the former Government House (now Raj Bhavan), and the Victoria Memorial in Kolkata, the Memorial Well at Kanpur, the former British Residency at Hyderabad, Lutyens’ former Viceroy’s House (now Rashtrapati Bhavan), and the old and new Parliament Houses in Delhi.
In doing so, this option encompasses global historiographies and voices at the periphery, and adopts a networked means of understanding colonialism. Fundamentally, the course facilitates consideration of how the contested architectural and cultural legacies of the British empire have, in the past been – and ought, in the future to be – dealt with in a contemporary postcolonial context. In this, the course provides a sound foundation in many transferable skills. Students will be encouraged to undertake critical analysis of the built environment, and will research and present their reasoned analysis in oral and written argument. The cross-disciplinary and cross-methodological approach taken on the course will offer experience in a variety of disciplines including political history, law and anthropology, whilst site visits will provide opportunities to meet and converse with many curators and scholars working with some of the UK and Ireland’s leading heritage bodies, affording a critical insight into the challenges of heritage management. Bolstered by the Virtual Exhibition exercise, these visits will also provide first-hand experience of the ways in which sites with sometimes hidden and often very difficult historic legacies are curated and interpreted, and students will be encouraged to analyse these means with a critical eye. Being based in London will provide students with access to an unrivalled wealth of library, archive and manuscript resources in some of the world’s greatest libraries, museums, repositories and academic institutions: not least the Courtauld’s own collections and its calendar of research events, which will provide further opportunities to hear from scholars working in the field. The collections of the British Library, the National Archives at Kew and the Royal Institute of British Architects are all accessible; whilst a great many of the key buildings explored on the course will be close at hand in the city which was once dubbed ‘the heart of Empire’.
Course Leader: Dr Kyle Leyden
In the event that a course leader is on sabbatical, takes up a fellowship, or otherwise is not able to teach the course, they will be replaced by another experienced course leader either for a semester or, in some cases, the academic year.
Please note: whilst many Special Options will include site visits within the UK and further afield, these are subject to confirmation.
